Energy choices shape landscapes. Our past energy decisions have contributed to the climate crisis we face today. Will today’s energy transitions correct those mistakes—or repeat them in new forms? From pumped storage hydropower projects carving into the forests of the Western Ghats to ethanol production from water intensive sugarcane in the plains, energy choices are leaving deep ecological footprints. This section explores how energy policies intersect with forests, rivers, and farming systems across Malnad and the Maidan. We ask: what is the true cost of “green” energy, and who bears it? Understanding this helps us reimagine a just energy future—one where we are not trading away Water Security and Climate Resilience for so called Green Energy.